Coin News

Lightning continues to strike as more and more companies announce that they are including in their products the new Lightning Network protocol that recently entered beta. Sparks also flared up at the Deconomy conference in South Korea when Vitalik Buterin and Joseph Poon challenged Craig S. Wright’s legitimacy.

And, while India joins a growing list of countries that has announced further restrictions on digital currencies and who can use them, the CEO of NVIDIA announced on CNBC that cryptocurrencies were here to stay.

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Featured stories by Amy Castor, Colin Harper, Nick Marinoff and Aaron van Wirdum

The History of Lightning: From Brainstorm to Beta 

As of a couple of weeks ago, the first Lightning implementation — lnd — is officially in beta. The second implementation — eclair — followed last week, while the third — c-lightning — is expected to do so soon. As such, the Lightning Network, the long-awaited Bitcoin overlay network for cheap and instant transactions, is by many of its developers considered safe enough to use on Bitcoin’s mainnet: a major milestone for the technology that has been years in the making.

In our featured cover story this month, tech writer Aaron van Wirdum recounts the story behind this important addition to the Bitcoin ecosystem.

Vitalik Buterin and Joseph Poon Call Out Craig Wright at Deconomy 2018

Sparks flew at the Deconomy blockchain forum this week in Seoul, South Korea, following a presentation by self-proclaimed “Satoshi Nakamoto,” Craig S. Wright, when he was challenged by Ethereum creator, Vitalik Buterin, and called a “fraud.” The Q&A session heated up again when Joseph Poon, who helped to write the Lightning Network white paper, declared that even he didn’t understand Wright’s representation of how the protocol worked.

NVIDIA CEO: “Cryptocurrency Is Here to Stay”

Although the cryptocurrency markets continue their downward trend, NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang recently claimed that “cryptocurrency is here to stay,” and he “doesn’t see the craze ending anytime soon,” while speaking with Mad Money host Jim Cramer. Interestingly, Huang noted that while the NVIDIA chips were no doubt powerful and crucial to the mining industry, he and his fellow executives are “not ready to move” on this market segment specifically just yet.

In a Blow to Bitcoin, India Bans Banks from Dealing in Cryptocurrencies

Another country has cracked down on cryptocurrencies as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced, in a press release on April 5, 2018, that it is banning banks and regulated financial entities from dealing with digital currencies. While India has not given up on the idea of issuing a cryptocurrency of its own, this means is that banks will no longer be able to transfer money to a crypto wallet or to an exchange. Regulated entities already providing such services will have three months to wind down their cryptocurrency-related operations.

Not a Month Into Beta, Lightning Applications Continue to Grow

Bitcoin Magazine just wrote about the first Lightning implementation being in beta a couple weeks ago and now developers have introduced LApps for the network that look outside the limits of mere wallet and payment channel functionality.

While these applications can run on either Bitcoin’s mainnet or testnet, their developers generally recommend that users stick to testnet payments until the Lightning Network’s kinks are ironed out. But with more than 1,000 nodes already supporting Lightning’s mainnet, it shouldn’t be long before LApps are widely adopted.

One hard fork later, there are four new Monero projects.

Monero hard forked to version 12 of its protocol yesterday. But not everyone is on board. Following the example once set by Ethereum Classic, some users are continuing on the pre-hard fork Monero blockchain… though in this case not as a single project. Now there is  Monero Classic, Monero 0 (XMZ), Monero Original (XMO) and a second project by the name Monero Classic (XMC) (which in this article we will refer to as Monero-Classic); these are all continuing on version 11 of the Monero protocol. Of course, this means they are all still compatible on a single network, using the same asset (coin) — just with different names.

Here’s the story of the pre-hard fork Monero blockchain and the four different projects keeping it alive.

The Hard Fork

As an ongoing protocol upgrade process, Monero has made a habit of hard forking once every six months. The latest hard fork introduced several new features, including an increased ring-size for more private but also bigger (thus more resource-intensive) transactions, multi-signature transactions, initial Ledger Nano S hardware wallet support, and more.

The latest hard fork also introduced a tweak to Monero’s CryptoNight proof-of-work hashing algorithm. This backwards-incompatible change makes all existing ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) mining hardware useless. Such specialized hardware is a bigger concern on the CryptoNight hashing algorithm than most other hashing algorithms, as it could let ASIC miners launch denial-of-service (DoS) attacks on non-ASIC miners and non-mining nodes on the network.

The risks presented by ASIC-mining hardware appeared to be reason why at least most of Monero’s development and user community agreed on the change. However, not all parties were equally happy with the hard fork, presumably. Most notably, major hardware manufacturer Bitmain, as well as smaller manufacturers Halong Mining and PinIdea, recently all announced that they had developed ASIC machines for the CryptoNight hashing algorithm. All this hardware would be rendered mostly useless after Monero’s hard fork.

Now, over the past couple of days and weeks, four projects have announced that they will continue to use the pre-hard fork Monero protocol. Since all four are using the same protocol, they are (at least as far as we can tell) really all the same network and coin, albeit with different names and logos.

These are the four new projects continuing the pre-hard fork Monero blockchain.

Monero Classic

This first, Monero Classic, is initiated by a group that self-identifies as Monero enthusiasts from Singapore — including developers and “a few” miners — who felt it was “time to take action.” Speaking to Bitcoin Magazine, representative Bento Tan explained that he believes that the development of ASICs is a healthy, market-driven process.

He said:

“The ability to have choices promotes competition and that drives growth. We have to look at things at that level. Unilateral control is a suffocating death because you take away the need to improve and innovate.”

Tan added that he considers this healthy dynamic to be confirmed by the fact there are three different manufacturers to have created ASICs — not just one.

Further, hard-forking to make mining hardware obsolete is a considered a bigger risk than the risk of mining centralization. A statement on the Monero Classic website reads:

“The main message of Monero Classic is that we believe that the developers changing the proof of work creates more centralization and harms decentralization.” And: “The M[o]nero developers are saying that they can and will change the consensus rules whenever it suits them and the community seems to be conditioned into following the wishes of the developers.”

Monero Classic has no connections with any of the other new Monero projects, Tan said, and has no plans to cooperate with them.

Monero-Classic (XMC)

On the project website, the person behind Monero-Classic identifies himself as “PZ, an early Bitcoin evangelist and blockchain eco builder”.

Not unlike (the other) Monero Classic, PZ explains on this website that “the emergence of specialized mining machine[s] for a cryptocurrency is [a] normal market economy phenomenon.” Additionally, PZ argues that “if there are professional mining machines, the events like ‘Monero was attacked by more than 500,000 botnets’ could be avoided,” referring to botnets that have been used to mine Monero.

Since the project is actively promoted by Bitmain’s mining pool AntPool, and of course because Bitmain has much to gain from a continuation of Monero with the CryptoNight hash algorithm, some suspect that this ASIC hardware manufacturer has a hand in this project, too. However, when asked by Bitcoin Magazine, a Bitmain representative suggested this was not the case.

Bitcoin Magazine was unable to get in contact with PZ or anyone else from the Monero-Classic project by time of publication.

Monero 0 (XMZ)

Speaking with Bitcoin Magazine, a pseudonymous spokesperson for Monero 0 identified the group as one of “concerned users” and "proof-of-work maximalists,” some of whom operate hobby operations for mining.

On the project website, Monero 0 writes:

“We’ve decided that the Monero Project’s strategy to continuously hard fork is no longer a stable or a sane strategy. We believe that Satoshi’s Proof of Work is the only mechanism for decentralized consensus. The so-called ‘network upgrades’ that are centrally mandated by the Monero Project are a Trojan Horse designed to compromise the effectiveness of Proof of Work in the Monero network. Monero 0 is not a fork; it is the original Monero.”

The Monero 0 spokesperson further said that Monero is an NVDA project, that “‘proof of fork’ is not a consensus method,” and that “Bitmain is trying to destroy Monero” — but did not have time to explain more.

Monero Original (XMO)

Not much is known about Monero Original or the people behind it.

The project has a GitHub account, and it sent press releases to several outlets. This press release did not contain much information, but it did include a statement from the “lead developer of Monero Original team”:

“Monero has always been about freedom of choice, about diversity and about the strong community behind it. We are providing the Monero fans [with] a possibility to support the iconic coin and stay on the original chain. Monero Original team stands for diversity, which is a logical marker of evolution. We are excited to see our favourite coin mature, and we are even more excited to help [in] keeping this diversity,” says the lead developer of Monero Original team.

At least one cryptocurrency exchange — HitBTC — indicated it would make XMO balances available to all XMR holders at the time of the hard fork. This does not necessarily mean that HitBTC will also offer XMO trading, but it does make it more likely they will.

Bitcoin Magazine reached out to the Monero Original project but did not receive any response by the time of publication.

The Complications

So far, it appears that both the new Monero blockchain and the pre-hard fork blockchain are running — though both are supported by less hash power than they were before the hard fork. This means that blocks are being found more slowly, in particular on the Monero blockchain, but this situation should stabilize within days.

Assuming that at least one of the four new projects succeeds in keeping the pre-hard fork Monero blockchain running (and assuming the new Monero blockchain keeps running too), this could lead to some complications.

For one, the Monero hard fork did not implement replay protection. This could mean that users who spend XMR on the new Monero blockchain could unintentionally spend the equivalent coins on the pre-hard fork blockchain, and vice versa.

Thanks to other changes on the new Monero protocol, this risk appears limited for users of the pre-hard fork blockchain, however. The default transactions they make will be considered invalid on the new Monero protocol. But users of the new Monero blockchain do not have that same luck. If they want to keep their pre-hard fork coins, they should move these before they move their XMR, and do so with the default ring-size of five (or six).

Over time, replay attacks should become less likely, even if for users that didn’t move their coins. This is because on Monero mixing coins is a requirement, and the odds that users will mix their coins with coins that are only valid on one chain will increase. Doing so will make the whole transaction invalid on one of both chains.

A bigger problem is that moving coins on both blockchains reveals which coins are controlled by the same user. This is at odds with Monero’s central value proposition of privacy and fungibility. Therefore, anyone who uses Monero for privacy reasons is best advised to completely choose one chain and ignore the other completely. (It’s presumably best to ignore the chain that carries the least value.)

Even users that do not use both chains may suffer from somewhat decreased privacy. If they mix their coins with users who revealed which coins they own, it can reduce the anonymity set of other users as well. This added risk is probably compensated for by the increased ring-size for transactions, however.

Whether the pre-hard fork version of Monero (in the form of the four different projects) will gain and retain any market value of course remains to be seen.

Monero lead developer Riccardo Spagni did not respond to a request for comment by the time of publication.

Thanks to Monero community contributor Justin Ehrenhofer for clarifying some of the technical details.

Cryptocurrency trading firm Coinbase has entered into talks with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission about registering as a licensed broker-dealer firm and electronic trading venue, The Wall Street Journal reported on Friday, April 6, 2018.

The move comes just as U.S. regulators have begun clarifying their stance on virtual currencies. Testifying before the Senate on February 6, 2018, SEC chairman Jay Clayton made it clear that he considered all initial coin offering (ICO) tokens to be securities.

While it is likely that regulatory laws surrounding ICOs will only be settled in court (perhaps even the Supreme Court), if ICO tokens are legally classified as securities, any exchange that wants to list those tokens needs to either register as a national securities exchange or operate under an exemption and set itself up as an alternative trading system (ATS).

As the SEC spelled out in its statement on March 7, 2018, any entity that wants to become an ATS needs to register with the SEC as a broker-dealer and become a member of a self-regulating organization (SRO), such as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). “An ATS must comply with the federal securities laws and its SRO's rules and file a Form ATS with the SEC,” the statement reads.

In a possible lead-up to its plans on becoming an ATS, on March 26, 2018, San Francisco-based Coinbase announced it was adding support for ERC20 into all its trading platforms. ERC20 is the Ethereum technical standard that the majority of ICO tokens are based on. “This paves the way for supporting ERC20 assets across Coinbase products in the future, though we aren’t announcing support for any specific assets or features at this time,” Coinbase said in a blog post.

Coinbase is not alone in making moves toward becoming an ATS. Recently, mobile payment app company Circle acquired Poloniex, another U.S.-based exchange, with plans to “clean up” the exchange. A slide that was initially leaked from a Circle presentation stated, “Circle has briefed the SEC on the transaction and indicated that upon closing that we will begin the process of registering the new entity with the SEC and FINRA as a Broker/Dealer and in turn as a licensed ATS…”

On March 7, 2018, Bittrex has also said that it is in communication with the SEC, stating on its website “... we look forward to continuing our proactive dialogue with the SEC and other regulators on how to build a secure, fully-regulated environment for blockchain that encourages innovation and economic growth.”