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Wall Street veteran Jason Leibowitz answers questions about how bitcoin was created, how it works and why it matters.

The ?double your money? hard fork flaw in the Bitcoin system potentially gives anyone the ability to ?print their own money.? And even though that potential may never actually be realized, simply the fact that it is possible should disqualify Bitcoin from being treated as a serious cybercurrency contender.

Bitcoin price took a break from decline, today, and has traded sideways-to-up in a correction. The outlook remains bearish. This analysis is provided by xbt.social with a 3-hour delay. Read the full analysis here. Not a member? Join now and receive a $29 discount using the code CCN29. Bitcoin Price Analysis Time of analysis: 13h30 […]

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The views of the Bitcoin Core developers are not the only ones that should count when deciding its future, says developer Elliott Olds.

Cyber crime is a growing problem for all businesses.

But it's not just about people on computers in remote locations trying to find a crack a firewall, there's a physical element too.

Attaching a device via USB to a company computer can increase the effectiveness of a cyber attack – it's just a case of getting into the office to do it.

According to Peter Connolly, chief executive of Toro Risk Solutions, a gang can bribe a cleaner to do just that for as little as £80 ($116).

In 2013, Barclays lost £1.3 million ($1.8 million) in a hacking attack after an insider fitted a device that allowed a gang to access accounts.

Experienced criminals are often able to just talk their way in. Toro tests how vulnerable a company is to social engineering – in other words, how easy it is for someone to gain physical access to corporate servers or computers by pretending to be someone else.

"It's real Derren Brown stuff," Connolly said.

He added that professional gangs of cyber criminals can encrypt a company's data for a certain period of time, demanding a ransom from the company with threats to wipe information on customers and erasing weeks or months of work.

Ransoms are often demanded in Bitcoin, the digital cryptocurrency, Connolly said.

Gangs have found that their victims are so confused by the demands that many have set up English-language telephone hotlines that help them convert their pounds and dollars into Bitcoin and pay the ransom.

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The world of finance is going nuts for blockchain, the technology first invented to underpin bitcoin.

Blockchain uses decentralized record keeping and the scrutiny of the "crowd" to allow people to trade bitcoin over a public network without working through a trusted middle man like a bank or clearing house. Complex cryptography keeps the records from being tampered with once they're signed off on.

Banks and other trading institutions think the technology has the potential to rip out huge amounts of cost from their businesses and are looking at ways it can be adopted to mainstream finance. 42 banks have signed up to an industry-wide consortium looking at use cases.

Chad Cascarilla is at the heart of the push to bring blockchain to Wall Street and the City. Cascarilla is the co-founder and CEO of itBit, the first bitcoin and blockchain company to be regulated by the New York State Department of Finance Services.

Business Insider caught up with Cascarilla while he was in London this week to talk about what the company is doing, the potential of blockchain in financial services, and how the banks are approaching it.

Cascarilla shares that itBit are thinking about raising a new round of funding and says it hopes to roll out its signature Bankchain product to the precious metals market this year.

Read the edited highlights of the chat below.

Business Insider: How would you define blockchain? I'm always interested to hear people describe it because everyone seems to have a slightly different take.

Chad Cascarilla: It’s just a database — that’s all it is. It’s easy to lose track of it amongst the buzzwords.

But it was a big innovation in databasing because it’s fully distributed. A normal database, someone’s actually running it. On the blockchain, nobody’s running it because everybody’s running it. From that perspective, that’s a real big shift. That’s actually hard to underestimate because normally you’ve got to pay someone to run a database for you.

BI: What’s the itBit story — where are you guys coming from and where are you going?

CC: My background is in financial services, I’ve spent my whole life doing that. About five, five and a half years ago when it was just at a nickel, we came across bitcoin. What was interesting to us was the underlying blockchain technology, which is the topic du jour now but certainly wasn’t back then.

The reason it was interesting to us is because we didn’t really know how succcessful bitcoin itself would be but we could tell that the concept of being able to create a distributed clearing and settlement network or a distributed payment network was a pretty big deal. Not from a computer scientist perspective per se, but from a financial services perspective.

Our view has been that we want to take blockchains and apply them to financial services problems. When we started itBit three years ago, moving things over the blockchain — ownership of real assets — was to us the really exciting concept. Not that you can’t use it for other things — you can put land titles, copyrights, patents, you name it. You can put anything on a blockchain to move around in a common way. But you’ve got to start somewhere.

What became clear to us was you really needed some kind of regulatory structure because if you’re moving regulated assets it’s hard to do that without a regulated entity.

How can you create the on ramps and off ramps? You can do that by partnering with financial services firms — that’s helpful — but the more partners you need the slower development cycles happen. We created a trust company and about a year ago now we were approved.

BI: You guys were one of the first to get a license weren’t you?

CC: Yeah. We were the first trust company [in bitcoin]. There’s been one other created. I don’t think there’s anyone else who’s going to go down this route because we basically became a bank.

The concept was marry a bank with technology and then you can start doing some really innovative things with financial services. It’s hard to do truly innovative things with technology in existing banks because they have such complex systems.

BI: Especially at the moment when banks seem to be struggling to keep their head above water with existing regulation, let alone taking on any new technology.

CC: I think that’s exactly right.

Look at financial services: you have a trading layer where exchanges are — huge amounts of innovation have happened there. Then you have the layers below that — clearing and settlement, custody, depository.

Everything after the trading layer is sitting here run on mainframe computers programmed in the 1970s and 1980s — literally in COBAL [a mainframe programming language]. It’s a dead language. One of the biggest banks in the world only has five or six developers left who actually know how to programme these things.

One of the biggest banks in the world only has 5 or 6 developers left who actually know how to programme these things.

BI: Who’s that?

CC: I can’t say. But they’re all like that. They’re literally down to their last five or 10 developers.

In the late 1990s, that’s how trading was done too — on COBAL mainframes. But that was hugely innovated on.

But you haven’t had a reason to innovate on post-trade layers because everyone just thinks of those as costs. "Oh bookkeeping, that’s a cost, we’ll just throw some bodies at it."

Depending on the asset, people are still using excel spreadsheets, emails, PDFs to basically reconcile what’s going on in the back office. It’s still very much a bodies business. I would describe it as they’ve just digitised a paper process. They didn’t reimagine it.

If you think about internet 1.0, it’s kind of a digitisation of paper. But then you think about internet 2.0 — whether it be apps on your mobile or whatever — and it's totally, drastically changing the way we interact with information. That’s what needs to happen in the back offices of financial services.

That hasn’t happened because the switching costs are so unbelievably high because you’re regulated, you can’t innovate, and, frankly, the old systems work.

But now that capital charges are going up I think you’re getting into a different position.

BI: It seems from the industry perspective there’s also a bit of a herd mentality with blockchain that’s acting in its favour. Once one bank moves, all the others want to be involved too. How long have you been trying to pitch this to the banks?

CC: It’s a very long sales cycle. I probably started talking to them about this about February, March last year. It’s been a year. But the reason it’s a long sales cycle is these are big organisations — you’re working across groups and the technology is new.

I think the banks know that there’s a couple of things going on: you’re hitting the end of the usual life of these mainframe computers, at the same time that capital charges are going up, and revenues aren’t growing.

They need to figure out a way to cut costs that is innovative. They’re really taking a holistic look and saying: "OK, what are we doing here? Do we want the best version of yesterday’s technology?" They’re really trying to be thoughtful about it, some more than others.

BI: And your main product is Bankchain, is that right?

CC: Correct. When we say we’ve been pitching the bank for a year, we’re now at the point where we have partnerships that are underway, proof of concepts, implementations that are getting underway. We’ve got to the point where the rubber hits the road. Bankchain is our product that we’ve built to address financial services needs.

BI: Is it tailored to specific products?

CC: The core technology can work on anything — use case agnostic. That’s not surprising, in some ways that’s good engineering. [But] then you need to go out and say here’s a good use case. That’s what has the front end that’s tailored to precious metals or syndicated loans or equities settlement.

It’s complex to build the front end and the data layer hooking into the core databasing technology. Then you have to hook it into the current system of the people you’re working with.

BI: Is there any particular use cause that’s more popular than others?

CC: Post-trade is pretty huge. Oliver Wyman said it’s like an $80-85 billion market. That’s about a third of capital market revenues. So of all capital markets, about a third is sitting in post-trade — it’s enormous.

It’s hard to say people want to address just one specific area because they’ve got to address this whole thing. But you’ve got to drill down — if you want to try and fix syndicated loans with blockchain, you could be doing that for years.

If I think of the use cases that I know firms are working on it’s everything from cross-border payments to OTC derivatives to syndicated loans to equities to repo to precious metals to trade finance. Those are just some of them.

BI: How many banks and financial services firms are you in talks with?

CC: About a dozen. We have three use cases we’re focusing on and within those we have different partners. In capital markets, there are 25, maybe 50 at most, institutions that matter in the world — repositories, exchanges, buy side firms, sell side like the banks. Depending on what you’re trying to solve, you need to partner with these people.

BI: Does this technology need a critical mass to go mainstream? Obviously, the point of this is it’s distributed and you need multiple parties for that.

CC: No one wants to show up at the club and nobody else is there. There’s two ways you combat that.

No one wants to show up at the club and nobody else is there.

The first is you create a system that’s fully interoperable with today’s world. Because we’re a trust company we have our own SWIFT code, we have access to all the infrastructure, we have a whole variety of ways to interact with the world as it is now.

We have a way to move people incrementally to tomorrow — you can’t just get to a future state. You have to make it so that if you’re on [the Bankchain] you can interact with everyone who’s off and you have to make it relatively easy to do.

Secondly, you have to make sure that you go out and make sure that people are invested in this product, meaning they’re helping you build it, you’re getting ideas from them, it’s solving their needs. You can’t just create something that you think someone wants.

BI: How do you see initiatives like industry-wide blockchain consortium R3 — do you see it has competition? Or is it such a big market that there's room for both of you? Is it good that things like R3 are raising awareness?

CC: Probably all of those. It’s good that there are 42 banks or whatever it ends up being that feel they need to be part of this technology. If you went out and said 'Hey I’ve got a new database lets build a consortium,' how many people do you think would apply? You say blockchain and suddenly you’ve got 42 banks paying and there’s going to be more. That’s great, that’s a really good sign for the industry.

I don’t know if anyone knows how R3’s strategy is going to evolve, it’s already evolved a lot from where they started. That’s not a surprise, that’s just the nature of new technologies and new groups.

Like I said, post-trade is a huge world. Some of the use cases the banks will be looking at will have no overlap with what we’re doing. It certainly seems that way so far.

BI: How are you guys funded?

CC: We’ve raised $32.5 million (£22.3 million) so far and it’s basically come from a combination of VCs and the management team. We’re going to obviously expand our funding base.

BI: Imminently?

CC: I’d say it’s something we’re spending a lot of time on because we want to grow the company and expand the use cases that we’re addressing. Digital Asset raised a round, others raised rounds — you need funding to be able to develop this kind of cutting edge software.

BI: And strike while the iron's hot.

CC: Yeah. You’ve got to be careful how you couch this stuff but yes we’re spending a lot of time thinking about this stuff.

BI: How long do you see industry adoption of blockchain taking?

CC: Again it gets down to use cases but lets just say people start doing proof of concepts and maybe even start having it rolled out in certain markets this year. I think you could see limited roll-out, we certainly hope to be rolling out in the precious metals market this year.

But I think realistically, this is a big upgrade cycle. It’s going to take a decade or more. If you’ve done 50 acquisitions as a bank, your capacity to just pull all those systems out and have confidence that it will all be ok — that’s really playing with fire. You can see why it would take them a long time.

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Go anywhere near the upper echelons of a bank or finance firm right now and there's one buzzword you'll hear over and over again — blockchain.

First invented to underpin bitcoin, blockchain technology uses decentralized record keeping and the scrutiny of the "crowd" to allow people to trade bitcoin on a public network without working through a trusted middle man like a bank or clearing house. Complex cryptography keeps the records from being tampered with once they're signed off on.

The world of finance has worked itself up into a frenzy over how much money this technology could save if adapted to mainstream banking. Banks could trade assets directly with each other instead of waiting for up to two days for a third party to settle the transaction.

But, says itBit CEO Chad Cascarilla, there's more to blockchain than just budgetary hype. Not only does the technology have the potential to cut costs, it could also solve one of the biggest problems the financial system faced during the 2008 crash.

"One of the big failings that [the crash] exposed was in the books and records system — who owns what when," says Cascarilla.

Part of the reason credit dried up in the crash was because banks and other financial institutions struggled to say exactly who owned what and as a result it was hard to judge their exact credit-worthiness. Without knowing that, people were reluctant to lend.

Cascarilla says: "In the financial system you don’t actually know because it’s all moving around and there’s many days of settlement risk and it’s very hard to track the actual beneficial ownership of an asset — a stock, a bond, whatever."

"You can’t tell where the risk lies — that’s really an accounting problem, a databasing problem. We still have the same level of access depth now, nothing’s changed since then. Now the government has just said we can’t allow anyone to fail."

He adds: "That’s what we saw blockchain potentially solving, because we had come from that area and that’s what led us to create itBit."

Blockchain digitally records who owns what and can be inspected by everyone who has access to it — both are crucial in allowing bitcoin to function as a digital currency.

If the technology were adapted to, say, securities or gold, a bank could simply query the blockchain to make sure a trading partner owns what it says it does.

Transactions over the blockchain are also much faster than working through existing systems, so counterparty risk — the risk that the person you're trading with goes bust before you complete a deal — is reduced too. That's another bonus for financial stability.

New York-based itBit, founded in 2012, runs a bitcoin exchange but has also developed Bankchain, an off-the-shelf blockchain solution for banks and other financial institutions that can be adapted for everything from gold trading to clearing securities.

Cascarilla is currently in conversation with around a dozen banks and financial firms, with several partnerships and proof of concepts under way. "We’ve got to the point where the rubber hits the road," Cascarilla says. He declined to name the partners itBit is working.

Check back on Sunday to read a full interview with itBit's Chad Cascarilla on Business Insider.

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